Computed

31.5 Hz low shelf

Lifts or drops everything below f0 by a fixed amount and leaves the top flat. Solved at 8 sample rates, with the poles, the real −3 dB point and the word length it stops working at.

Open the interactive designer →All low shelf frequencies

Magnitude response at 48 kHz

Every vertex is 20·log₁₀|H(e^jω)| evaluated on the unit circle — not a sketch of the filter's shape. Shelves fix the slope at S = 1, so there is no Q family to draw; the faint traces are the gain sweep.

Gain at f0 (31.5 Hz)

+3.00 dB

exact at every sample rate — the bilinear transform maps this value, not just the frequency

Pole radius at 48 kHz

0.9975498

conjugate pair at ±0.14°, 0.00245 from the circle

−3 dB point

31.9 Hz

1.013× f0 at Q = 0.7071

16-bit fixed point

diverges

largest pole 1.0000000 in Q1.14

Coefficients, at every sample rate

The cookbook computes w₀ = 2πf₀/F_s, so the same filter is a different set of numbers at every rate. Rates whose Nyquist limit is at or below 31.5 Hz are absent because the filter does not exist there — equivalently, the f₀/Nyquist column never reaches 100%. That is why this table is 8 rows and a 20 Hz page is 8.

Sample rate	b0	b1	b2	a1	a2	Pole r	f₀/Nyquist
8 kHz	1.006090	-1.970351	0.965113	-1.970563	0.970990	0.985388	0.8%
16 kHz	1.003041	-1.985227	0.982401	-1.985281	0.985389	0.992667	0.4%
22.1 kHz	1.002205	-1.989291	0.987199	-1.989319	0.989376	0.994674	0.3%
32 kHz	1.001519	-1.992627	0.991162	-1.992640	0.992667	0.996327	0.2%
44.1 kHz	1.001102	-1.994653	0.993579	-1.994660	0.994674	0.997333	0.1%
48 kHz	1.001013	-1.995088	0.994099	-1.995094	0.995106	0.997550	0.1%
96 kHz	1.000506	-1.997545	0.997045	-1.997547	0.997550	0.998774	0.1%
192 kHz	1.000253	-1.998773	0.998521	-1.998773	0.998774	0.999387	0.0%

const float b0 = 1.00101255f, b1 = -1.99508762f, b2 = 0.99409903f;
const float a1 = -1.99509359f, a2 = 0.99510560f;   // a0 == 1

What word length this filter survives

The fixed-point rows round all five coefficients to one shared scale, which is what a q15/q31 biquad section does with its post-shift.Pole radius is solved from the quadratic, not taken as √|a₂| — once rounding pushes the poles onto the real axis those two disagree, and the convenient one reports a comfortable margin on a filter that has already left the unit circle. Error is the worst deviation from float64 across frequencies where the response is within 40 dB of its own peak; below that it is measuring the −200 dB floor.

Word format	Q format	Largest pole	√\|a₂\| says	Stable	Worst error in band
float64	—	0.9975498	0.9975498	yes	reference
float32	—	0.9975498	0.9975498	yes	0.0188 dB
32-bit fixed	Q1.30	0.9975498	0.9975498	yes	0.0001 dB
24-bit fixed	Q1.22	0.9975498	0.9975498	yes	0.0935 dB
16-bit fixed	Q1.14	1.0000000 (real)	0.9975556	no	n/a — diverges

Read the two pole columns against each other on the 16-bit row.√|a₂| reports 0.9975556 — well inside the unit circle — while the larger real pole is actually at 1.0000000. The shortcut is the geometric mean of the two poles and is exact only while they are a conjugate pair. Evaluated rather than inferred, the quantised filter has +3 dB of gain near DC in that format — a filter that diverges, not one that is merely inaccurate.

What gain does at 31.5 Hz

A shelf reaches half its dB gain at f₀ — exactly half, at every sample rate — and its full gain on the far side.

Gain	At f₀	b0	a1	a2	Pole r
-12 dB	−6.00 dB	0.997948	-1.991763	0.991797	0.995890
-6 dB	−3.00 dB	0.998988	-1.993070	0.993093	0.996541
-3 dB	−1.50 dB	0.999496	-1.993643	0.993663	0.996826
+3 dB	+1.50 dB	1.000504	-1.994651	0.994665	0.997329
+6 dB	+3.00 dB	1.001013	-1.995094	0.995106	0.997550
+12 dB	+6.00 dB	1.002056	-1.995872	0.995880	0.997938

Questions this filter answers

What are the biquad coefficients for a 31.5 Hz low-shelf filter at 48 kHz?

b0 = 1.001013, b1 = -1.995088, b2 = 0.994099, a1 = -1.995094, a2 = 0.995106, with a0 normalised to 1 — the RBJ Audio EQ Cookbook form at Q = 0.7071 and +6 dB of gain. Every other sample rate in the table above gives different numbers for the same filter, because w0 = 2πf0/Fs and every cosine and sine downstream of it moves.

Is a 31.5 Hz low-shelf filter stable in 16-bit fixed point?

No. Rounding the five coefficients to a shared 1.14 scale pushes the poles onto the real axis and the larger one out to 1.0000000 — at or outside the unit circle, which is a filter that diverges rather than one that is merely inaccurate. Note that √|a2| still reads 0.9975556 here, comfortably inside the circle: the shortcut is the geometric mean of the two real poles and it does not see this. Use 24-bit (largest pole 0.9975498) or float32.

Where is the real −3 dB point of a 31.5 Hz low-shelf filter?

31.9 Hz, which is 1.013× the 31.5 Hz corner. f0 and the −3 dB point are the same frequency only at Q = 1/√2; this page is designed at Q = 0.7071, and a shelf does not read Q at all — its slope is fixed at S = 1, matching Web Audio's BiquadFilterNode, so the gain sweep above is the family that moves this filter rather than a Q sweep.

How close to the unit circle are the poles of a 31.5 Hz low-shelf filter?

0.9975498 at 48 kHz, as a conjugate pair at ±0.14°. Pole radius rises toward 1 as the corner frequency falls relative to the sample rate — the same filter at 192 kHz sits at 0.9993869 and at 8 kHz at 0.9853883. That distance is the whole story of the fixed-point table: a pole a few parts in 10⁵ from the circle has nowhere to be rounded to.

The neighbouring corners

One third-octave either side, and the same 31.5 Hz corner as every other filter type.

Method and limits. Coefficients follow the RBJ Audio EQ Cookbook, the bilinear transform of the analog prototype prewarped so the corner lands exactly on f0 — which is why +3.00 dB at 31.5 Hz holds at every sample rate in the table rather than only at low f0/Fs. Shelves fix the slope at S = 1, matching Web Audio's BiquadFilterNode, so Q is not read for those two types. Pole and zero radii are the roots of the quadratic, not sqrt(|a2|). The fixed-point rows model a single shared coefficient scale and no other quantisation: they say nothing about signal-path headroom, limit cycles or the accumulator width your implementation uses, all of which can make a filter that passes this table still misbehave. Nothing on this page is fetched or estimated — it is solved from the type and the frequency in the URL.