# 31.5 Hz peaking eq

Boosts or cuts a band around f0 and leaves both ends of the spectrum at unity. Solved at 8 sample rates, with the poles, the real −3 dB point and the word length it stops working at.

Canonical page: https://makerportal.ai/lab/biquad/peaking/31-5-hz
Page title: 31.5 Hz Peaking EQ Biquad Coefficients — RBJ cookbook

This markdown document and the HTML page above are rendered from the same solved values at build time, by the same functions. Nothing here is written by a language model and nothing is fetched at request time.

## Key figures

- **Filter:** 31.5 Hz peaking EQ filter — Q = 1.0000, gain +6 dB
- **Gain at f0 (31.5 Hz):** +6.00 dB — exact at every sample rate — the bilinear transform maps this value, not just the frequency
- **Pole radius at 48 kHz:** 0.9985415 — conjugate pair at ±0.22°, 0.00146 from the circle
- **−3 dB point:** 19.4 Hz — 0.617× f0 at Q = 1.0000
- **Peak of the magnitude response:** +6.00 dB at 31 Hz — evaluated on the unit circle, not sketched
- **Group delay at f0:** 7.113 ms
- **16-bit fixed point:** diverges — largest pole 1.0000000 in Q1.14
- **Coefficients at 48 kHz:** b0 = 1.001451, b1 = -1.997068, b2 = 0.995635, a1 = -1.997068, a2 = 0.997085 — a0 normalised to 1

## Coefficients, at every sample rate

The cookbook computes w0 = 2πf0/Fs, so the same filter is a different set of numbers at every rate. Rates whose Nyquist limit is at or below 31.5 Hz are absent because the filter does not exist there — equivalently, the f₀/Nyquist column never reaches 100%. That is why this table is 8 rows and a 20 Hz page is 8.

| Sample rate | b0 | b1 | b2 | a1 | a2 | Pole r | f0/Nyquist |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 kHz | 1.008639 | -1.982032 | 0.974000 | -1.982032 | 0.982639 | 0.991282 | 0.8% |
| 16 kHz | 1.004339 | -1.991129 | 0.986942 | -1.991129 | 0.991281 | 0.995631 | 0.4% |
| 22.1 kHz | 1.003152 | -1.993585 | 0.990514 | -1.993585 | 0.993666 | 0.996828 | 0.3% |
| 32 kHz | 1.002174 | -1.995593 | 0.993457 | -1.995593 | 0.995631 | 0.997813 | 0.2% |
| 44.1 kHz | 1.001579 | -1.996808 | 0.995249 | -1.996808 | 0.996828 | 0.998413 | 0.1% |
| 48 kHz | 1.001451 | -1.997068 | 0.995635 | -1.997068 | 0.997085 | 0.998542 | 0.1% |
| 96 kHz | 1.000726 | -1.998537 | 0.997816 | -1.998537 | 0.998542 | 0.999270 | 0.1% |
| 192 kHz | 1.000363 | -1.999269 | 0.998907 | -1.999269 | 0.999270 | 0.999635 | 0.0% |

## What word length this filter survives

All five coefficients are rounded to one shared scale, which is what a q15/q31 biquad section does with its post-shift. Pole radius is solved from the quadratic, not taken as sqrt(|a2|) — once rounding pushes the poles onto the real axis those two disagree, and the convenient one reports a comfortable margin on a filter that has already left the unit circle.

| Word format | Q format | Largest pole | sqrt of abs(a2) says | Stable | Worst error in band |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| float64 | — | 0.9985415 | 0.9985415 | yes | reference |
| float32 | — | 0.9985415 | 0.9985415 | yes | 0.0263 dB |
| 32-bit fixed | Q1.30 | 0.9985415 | 0.9985415 | yes | 0.0004 dB |
| 24-bit fixed | Q1.22 | 0.9985415 | 0.9985415 | yes | 0.0152 dB |
| 16-bit fixed | Q1.14 | 1.0000000 (real) | 0.9985341 | no | n/a — diverges |

## Questions this page answers

### What are the biquad coefficients for a 31.5 Hz peaking EQ filter at 48 kHz?

b0 = 1.001451, b1 = -1.997068, b2 = 0.995635, a1 = -1.997068, a2 = 0.997085, with a0 normalised to 1 — the RBJ Audio EQ Cookbook form at Q = 1.0000 and +6 dB of gain. Every other sample rate in the table above gives different numbers for the same filter, because w0 = 2πf0/Fs and every cosine and sine downstream of it moves.

### Is a 31.5 Hz peaking EQ filter stable in 16-bit fixed point?

No. Rounding the five coefficients to a shared 1.14 scale pushes the poles onto the real axis and the larger one out to 1.0000000 — at or outside the unit circle, which is a filter that diverges rather than one that is merely inaccurate. Note that √|a2| still reads 0.9985341 here, comfortably inside the circle: the shortcut is the geometric mean of the two real poles and it does not see this. Use 24-bit (largest pole 0.9985415) or float32.

### Where is the real −3 dB point of a 31.5 Hz peaking EQ filter?

19.4 Hz, which is 0.617× the 31.5 Hz corner. f0 and the −3 dB point are the same frequency only at Q = 1/√2; this page is designed at Q = 1.0000, and the Q sweep above shows the point moving from 76.2 Hz to 33.2 Hz across the sweep while f0 never moves.

### How close to the unit circle are the poles of a 31.5 Hz peaking EQ filter?

0.9985415 at 48 kHz, as a conjugate pair at ±0.22°. Pole radius rises toward 1 as the corner frequency falls relative to the sample rate — the same filter at 192 kHz sits at 0.9996352 and at 8 kHz at 0.9912816. That distance is the whole story of the fixed-point table: a pole a few parts in 10⁵ from the circle has nowhere to be rounded to.

## Method and limits

Coefficients follow the RBJ Audio EQ Cookbook, the bilinear transform of the analog prototype prewarped so the corner lands exactly on f0 — which is why +6.00 dB at 31.5 Hz holds at every sample rate in the table rather than only at low f0/Fs. Shelves fix the slope at S = 1, matching Web Audio's BiquadFilterNode, so Q is not read for those two types. Pole and zero radii are the roots of the quadratic, not sqrt(|a2|). The fixed-point rows model a single shared coefficient scale and no other quantisation: they say nothing about signal-path headroom, limit cycles or the accumulator width your implementation uses, all of which can make a filter that passes this table still misbehave. Nothing on this page is fetched or estimated — it is solved from the type and the frequency in the URL.

## Related tool

[Biquad Filter Designer](https://makerportal.ai/lab/biquad-filter-designer) — Interactive RBJ-cookbook biquad designer — pick a type, corner, Q and gain and hear the filter while reading its coefficients, poles and magnitude response.

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Source: MakerPortal — https://makerportal.ai/lab/biquad/peaking/31-5-hz. Free to quote and cite with attribution and a link to the canonical page.