# 12.5 kHz all-pass

Leaves every magnitude alone and shifts phase, passing through −180° at f0. Solved at 5 sample rates, with the poles, the real −3 dB point and the word length it stops working at.

Canonical page: https://makerportal.ai/lab/biquad/allpass/12500-hz
Page title: 12.5 kHz All-pass Biquad Coefficients — RBJ cookbook

This markdown document and the HTML page above are rendered from the same solved values at build time, by the same functions. Nothing here is written by a language model and nothing is fetched at request time.

## Key figures

- **Filter:** 12.5 kHz all-pass filter — Q = 1.0000
- **Gain at f0 (12.5 kHz):** 0.00 dB — exact at every sample rate — the bilinear transform maps this value, not just the frequency
- **Pole radius at 48 kHz:** 0.5781744 — conjugate pair at ±94.33°, 0.422 from the circle
- **−3 dB point:** none — the magnitude never falls 3 dB below its own peak inside the band
- **Peak of the magnitude response:** 0.00 dB at 410 Hz — evaluated on the unit circle, not sketched
- **Group delay at f0:** 0.084 ms
- **16-bit fixed point:** holds — largest pole 0.5781778 in Q1.14
- **Coefficients at 48 kHz:** b0 = 0.334286, b1 = 0.087266, b2 = 1.000000, a1 = 0.087266, a2 = 0.334286 — a0 normalised to 1

## Coefficients, at every sample rate

The cookbook computes w0 = 2πf0/Fs, so the same filter is a different set of numbers at every rate. Rates whose Nyquist limit is at or below 12.5 kHz are absent because the filter does not exist there — equivalently, the f₀/Nyquist column never reaches 100%. That is why this table is 5 rows and a 20 Hz page is 8.

| Sample rate | b0 | b1 | b2 | a1 | a2 | Pole r | f0/Nyquist |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 kHz | 0.518376 | 1.173721 | 1.000000 | 1.173721 | 0.518376 | 0.719983 | 78.1% |
| 44.1 kHz | 0.343184 | 0.280199 | 1.000000 | 0.280199 | 0.343184 | 0.585819 | 56.7% |
| 48 kHz | 0.334286 | 0.087266 | 1.000000 | 0.087266 | 0.334286 | 0.578174 | 52.1% |
| 96 kHz | 0.465274 | -1.001650 | 1.000000 | -1.001650 | 0.465274 | 0.682110 | 26.0% |
| 192 kHz | 0.668232 | -1.530593 | 1.000000 | -1.530593 | 0.668232 | 0.817454 | 13.0% |

## What word length this filter survives

All five coefficients are rounded to one shared scale, which is what a q15/q31 biquad section does with its post-shift. Pole radius is solved from the quadratic, not taken as sqrt(|a2|) — once rounding pushes the poles onto the real axis those two disagree, and the convenient one reports a comfortable margin on a filter that has already left the unit circle.

| Word format | Q format | Largest pole | sqrt of abs(a2) says | Stable | Worst error in band |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| float64 | — | 0.5781744 | 0.5781744 | yes | reference |
| float32 | — | 0.5781744 | 0.5781744 | yes | 0.0000 dB |
| 32-bit fixed | Q1.30 | 0.5781744 | 0.5781744 | yes | 0.0000 dB |
| 24-bit fixed | Q1.22 | 0.5781743 | 0.5781743 | yes | 0.0000 dB |
| 16-bit fixed | Q1.14 | 0.5781778 | 0.5781778 | yes | 0.0000 dB |

## Questions this page answers

### What are the biquad coefficients for a 12.5 kHz all-pass filter at 48 kHz?

b0 = 0.334286, b1 = 0.087266, b2 = 1.000000, a1 = 0.087266, a2 = 0.334286, with a0 normalised to 1 — the RBJ Audio EQ Cookbook form at Q = 1.0000. Every other sample rate in the table above gives different numbers for the same filter, because w0 = 2πf0/Fs and every cosine and sine downstream of it moves.

### Is a 12.5 kHz all-pass filter stable in 16-bit fixed point?

Yes. Rounding the five coefficients to a shared 1.14 scale leaves the largest pole at 0.5781778, against 0.5781744 exact, and the response drifts by at most 0.000 dB inside the band. 24-bit takes that to 0.0000 dB.

### Where is the real −3 dB point of a 12.5 kHz all-pass filter?

This type has no −3 dB edge to find: its magnitude response is unity at every frequency, and what f0 marks is the point where the phase passes through −180°. At f0 the response measures 0.00 dB.

### How close to the unit circle are the poles of a 12.5 kHz all-pass filter?

0.5781744 at 48 kHz, as a conjugate pair at ±94.33°. Pole radius rises toward 1 as the corner frequency falls relative to the sample rate — the same filter at 192 kHz sits at 0.8174544 and at 8 kHz it is above Nyquist. That distance is the whole story of the fixed-point table: a pole a few parts in 10⁵ from the circle has nowhere to be rounded to.

## Method and limits

Coefficients follow the RBJ Audio EQ Cookbook, the bilinear transform of the analog prototype prewarped so the corner lands exactly on f0 — which is why 0.00 dB at 12.5 kHz holds at every sample rate in the table rather than only at low f0/Fs. Shelves fix the slope at S = 1, matching Web Audio's BiquadFilterNode, so Q is not read for those two types. Pole and zero radii are the roots of the quadratic, not sqrt(|a2|). The fixed-point rows model a single shared coefficient scale and no other quantisation: they say nothing about signal-path headroom, limit cycles or the accumulator width your implementation uses, all of which can make a filter that passes this table still misbehave. Nothing on this page is fetched or estimated — it is solved from the type and the frequency in the URL.

## Related tool

[Biquad Filter Designer](https://makerportal.ai/lab/biquad-filter-designer) — Interactive RBJ-cookbook biquad designer — pick a type, corner, Q and gain and hear the filter while reading its coefficients, poles and magnitude response.

---

Source: MakerPortal — https://makerportal.ai/lab/biquad/allpass/12500-hz. Free to quote and cite with attribution and a link to the canonical page.